Post-traumatic stress disorder in Kuwait :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Fixing A NATION POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN KUWAIT Proposal: Studies made by specialists found after the freedom of Kuwait following the Gulf War of 1991 that most kids who were inside the nation experienced bothersome feelings all the while which brought out progressively strange practices. Presentation In the harshly sweltering summer of 1990 the second of August to be definite, individuals were dozing calmly in their homes. It was a Thursday morning and most Kuwaitis had left the nation on vacation. Nobody at any point suspected or accepted that a neighboring nation of a similar religion would attack such a little honest nation. The vast majority of the Kuwaiti residents who were inside the nation or outside were in stun. This Iraqi occupation that Kuwait languished over seven months was drastically experienced by the two grown-ups and youngsters. They were presented to such fierce monstrosities as executing any individual who had a typewriter or a camera so nobody in the outside world would know how revoltingly they were rewarding a neighboring nation. Furthermore any obstruction in Sadaam's military activities brought about several nationalists who battled fearlessly for the opportunity of their nation. The Iraqi troopers attempted to threaten the Kuwaiti individuals by exposing them to various kinds of torment procedures like assaulting virgin females and moms before their kids. Assault was rehearsed on females as well as youthful guys as well. Numerous Kuwaiti non military personnel men, ladies and youngsters were taken from their homes and stayed away forever to their families. There are as yet 625 Kuwaiti prisoners in Iraq. This number methods a lot to a little network where each family is identified with a POW. The individuals who endured less are the individuals who lost their homes, cash and different assets. Each one of those fear of war have now caused what is called Post-horrible Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Second International Conference, Mental Health in the State of Kuwait). Individuals experienced this severe and decisive period when the nation was under occupation, either by being compelled to begin once again without any preparation or by working in a new position, const ructing another house. Numerous individuals fell into destitution. Additionally the idea that their nation no longer existed during the attack had an extremely troublesome mental impact on the individuals. They couldn't accept the truth that their nation was being involved. This thought was particularly awful for more seasoned individuals. The practices and feelings of Kuwaitis under such war-like conditions are not new to brain science.

Business Strategy 2 Free Essays

string(54) would be identified with shoes and for the most part sports apparel. Look at ways to deal with strategr5y assessment and determination Analyze conceivable elective methodologies identifying with meaningful development, constrained development, and Market passage techniques, and disinvestment systems IKEA has promoted its items well and has managed all the issues without any problem. In any case, there have been a few imperatives that came in the method of IKEA and elective techniques must be created for them. These techniques are as per the following: Substantive development: In any business methodology development is the most significant factor. We will compose a custom paper test on Business Strategy 2 or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now To accomplish meaningful development the firm needs to experience a great deal of arranging. A portion of the key favorable circumstances of considerable development are: †¢ Exponential Growth: Once IKEA accomplishes meaningful development in their business then they can be sure that it will prompt more development later on. There is a propensity of the development of riches at an exponential rate and the organization can utilize these assets for other venture to produce gains in future. While an association accomplishes generous development the fundamental advantage is that it helps in contributing them for future advantages and accomplishing potential riches gains. This is constantly an invite thought. Rivalry: Substantive development of IKEA will assist them with understanding the quality of the opposition and building up the business procedure as needs be. The quicker an organization accomplishes considerable development the simpler it is for them to beat the opposition. The additional riches that IKEA gains from meaningful development can be used to pick up the pie ce of the overall industry from various contenders. The best thing about meaningful development is that it goes about as an inspiration. When a business begins increasing considerable development it very well may be more than sure that it has picked up advantage over the opposition. Needs: It is imperative to choose the needs in any business. Clarifying systems and choosing which objectives need more significant levels of significance will help the business in understanding the key needs. Considerable development goes about as the best marker and causes the tacticians to make every single step understood. It helps in objectively arranging and choosing the objectives that can be fruitful with time. Constrained Growth: To make long haul progress and most extreme development IKEA needs to ensure that it is experiencing a time of restricted development. Restricted development will decrease hazard and money related issues. To accomplish constrained development the firm should ensure that the business isn't running in front of the normal objectives. There ought to be consistency in the development of the business that must be accomplished through constrained development. Restricted development can be achieved by observing the business ceaselessly and reacting admirably to every single circumstance. Market passage procedures: Till date IKEA has entered the majority of the business sectors effectively and has had the option to adjust with the nearby conditions. The best advertising techniques that can be adjusted to enter the business sectors effectively is to comprehend the needs of local people and advance the item through various mediums. On the off chance that the organization utilizes a compelling advertising blend in the business sectors of various nations then the market passage will be extremely simple for them. Disinvestment procedures: Disinvestment implies liquidation of stock that prompts some approach change. Disinvestment can be utilized as a powerful technique by IKEA to exchange its benefits and fabricate great relations with the nearby government. This technique can be accustomed to get positive changes and settle on the dynamic procedure simpler. To build up a solid disinvestment technique the firm ought to dissect every one of its speculations appropriately and center around expanded gainfulness. P8 Select a fitting future technique for a given association o Examine the ways to deal with system assessment and determination and select a proper future procedure for the picked association IKEA is one of the top outfitting organizations on the planet. They give all around planned home outfitting items at practical rates. The plan of action made by IKEA has helped them enter new markets and get to the nerves of the purchasers. The techniques of IKEA include contender examination, advertise investigation, ecological investigation, client examination, and so forth. The organization constantly assesses the systems and plans their activity as indicated by the exploration made. Best of all, IKEA has been generally excellent with regards to fruitful usage of its arrangements. One of things to come system that can help contact its clients effectively is the web promoting methodology. Among all the promoting systems utilized by IKEA the change in socio-social pattern ought to be appropriately investigated and they should utilize the web showcasing strategy viably. Web is going about as the most ideal approach to contact the clients and there are numerous long range interpersonal communication locales where imminent clients can be found. IKEA as of now has its site and it simply needs to utilize the person to person communication sites successfully to advance its items. Since viable advancement goes about as the most ideal approach to connect with the shoppers IKEA should pay special mind to this alternative to build its compass. This is better than some other medium as it isn't restricted to one explicit area and causes the firm to contact entire world. Since IKEA works in various pieces of the world this is the best publicizing apparatus for them. See how to actualize a picked technique Compare the jobs and obligations regarding procedure execution in two unique associations The jobs and duties of for appropriate methodology usage vary in various associations. For instance the technique execution in IKEA would be totally extraordinary to the jobs in organizations like NIKE. The jobs of the individuals in NIKE should be not the same as that of IKEA. In NIKE the supervisors need to know the footwear and the attire that is in pattern. While directing the statistical surveying the group in NIKE needs to comprehend what individuals like to wear and the needs of the individuals in various markets everywhere throughout the world. Since NIKE has been building up its footwear since its origin everything in their RD would be identified with shoes and for the most part sports clothing. You read Business Strategy 2 in class Papers Innovation is required in various fields and growing new things would clearly get the consumer’s attention. Be that as it may, before building up a compelling system and executing it the association needs to get itself and the item that it is selling. They have to comprehend whether their arrangements and approaches will be powerful enough. While building up the plans NIKE needs to comprehend the patterns in the footwear showcase and build up the footwear as indicated by the reaction of the shoppers. The organization needs to lead the procedure in a savvy way however ordinarily they are probably going to confront misfortune. On the off chance that the new footwear run created by NIKE doesn't go down well with the buyers then that range would go to waste and they will endure misfortune over yonder. When contrasted with NIKE the jobs in IKEA are very surprising. IKEA is engaged with outfitting and planning present day furniture for better places. So the jobs absolutely change in the methodology arranging and execution here. IKEA needs to view the goods that are in pattern and that are adored by various clients. They can be progressively adaptable with the development of their items. In the event that the new item propelled by them isn't enjoyed by one buyer then there are chances that it very well may be offered to other client, when contrasted with NIKE where the entire footwear range can go to squander if there is a negative reaction. NIKE structures footwear for people while IKEA needs to concentrate on the vibe of the house. So the system is very surprising. As you have to make the spot look as wonderful as conceivable IKEA would need to comprehend the spot much better and make the systems as indicated by that. Assess asset necessities to execute another procedure for a given association The assets required for the usage of another technique are: †¢ Action arranging: The association needs to have a group that can build up a decent game plan. This will help in specifying the technique and relegating duties to each person in the association. The arranging stage chooses the future advances and gives a course to the objective of the methodology. The arranging stage needs to have encountered experts and individuals who can structure appropriate objectives for the eventual fate of the association. The system can be fruitful if the activity arranging stage is effective. †¢ Organizational Structure: The procedure ought to be good for the current authoritative structure. In the event that the procedure created is led in a composed manner, at that point it will without a doubt be fruitful. The RD group ought to pass on the necessary data to the separate groups and build up a legitimate structure. †¢ Human Resource Factors: Human asset is a significant factor with regards to fruitful implantation of plans. Each individual needs to comprehend their obligations and there ought to be acceptable correspondence among people. At whatever point there is a need to execute another methodology the objectives ought to be clarified to each group. In human asset the group chief and the supervisors have immense task to carry out. They have to manage the group and propel them to actualize the methodology viably. Examine targets and timescales for accomplishment in an offered association to screen a given procedure As talked about above IKEA has been continually planning to extend its market estimate and give a scope of items to its clients. Anyway for any organization of the size of IKEA to develop and reach more up to date statures it is significant that they have a set objective and know about when these should be accomplished. A portion of the objectives with timescales which would help them a

How to Turn Your Negative Thoughts Into MBA Success

Are your doubts about business school and thoughts of impending failure creeping in? Well, the good news is that this can work in your favor, according to best-selling author and Whartons top rated teacher, Adam Grant. In his book, Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World,  Grant  shares one approach of those challenging the status quo: defensive pessimism. The good news is that negative thoughts can be channeled positively. Feeling worried and imagining all the things that can go wrong with future plans can actually help you approach potential challenges with defensive pessimism. In the case of your MBA applications, an effective way to use this anxiousness is by diligently covering all your bases taking care to go through the list of tasks you need to accomplish and finding the right steps to take before officially submitting your application. Converting a realistic assessment of your candidacy into actionable plans can help turn your anxiety into motivation and focus. In my nine years of working with clients who have  diverse backgrounds and personalities, I have helped  applicants who have varying levels of available time and effort to put into their business school applications. Time and again, those who made the most progress were the ones who could motivate themselves, reflect honestly, and take the following incremental steps towards their MBA  goals: Have Appropriate Fear Professional sports coaches often talk about having â€Å"appropriate fear,† or  the need for a  team to respect their opponents and guard against complacency. Similarly, in the case of  your own MBA applications, being conscious of timelines and honestly assessing how much time each application step takes will help keep you on track towards your end goal. This will   also allow you to you remain engaged with the tasks on hand, and not feel like you can magically finish them perfectly in one sitting. Procrastinate Strategically Another tip from Grant is to procrastinate strategically through  actions such as  taking a break in the middle of the brainstorming or writing process. I agree with this and have seen the benefits of clients first writing down initial ideas (even just bullet points) for their MBA application essays, and then letting their thoughts marinate while they take a break. Coming back to an essay  later on helps applicants reflect on what they have just written and better relate ideas with their underlying values and future goals, or even come up with better examples to use. The key is to take the break in the middle of the task (and not for too long) and to not use it as an excuse to delay getting  started! Welcome Criticism Much of the stress from MBA applications comes from criticisms, whether from family, friends, or from your likely worst critic, yourself. How you handle these criticisms will be the difference between defensive pessimism and harmful pessimism. You can let doubts about your worthiness as a candidate paralyze you, or be in total denial of critique regarding your profile and miss out on dealing with obvious blind spots. Alternatively, you can honestly appraise your perceived weaknesses and take the opportunity to address them with thoughtful reflections and powerful examples. Use the steps above to help turn your business school worries into powerful motivation to keep you on track toward application success. Applying to business school? Call us at 1-800-925-7737 and speak with an MBA admissions expert today, or take our free MBA Admissions Profile Evaluation  for personalized advice for your unique application situation! And as always, be sure to find us on Facebook, YouTube, Google+  and Twitter. Written by Edison Cu, a Veritas Prep Head Consultant for  INSEAD. You can read  more articles by him  here.

Capital Punishment Is Abolished By Harold Wilsons Labour...

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Capital Punishment was abolished â€Å"under Harold Wilson’s Labour government in 1969† (Manton.K, 2011, P.16) in the United Kingdom, but there have been continuing debates concerning the reinstatement of the death penalty in the UK.(BBC NEWS, 2011) reports that the conservative party MP calls for submission on capital punishment in the UK. The Brigg and Goole MP â€Å"is one of a number of Tory backbenchers calling for a commons debate of the return of capital punishment.†(BBC NEWS, 5th August 2011) Currently, Paul Staines, who writes the Guido Fawkes ‘ calls for the death to be brought back for child and police officer murderers,† he carried out a public opinion poll, which recommends that around half the population want capital punishment to be reinstated for murders ‘ this rises to 60% when it comes to child or police officer kills’, furthermore his e-petition on the government website needs ‘100,000 people to support’ it so that there could possibly be a preliminary debate on the issue (BBC NEWS, 4th August 2011). As Mr. Staines statistics poll shows, in 2011 that there is a high percent of the public that requests capital punishment to be reinstated in the UK for serious crimes such as; murder, child murder and police officer kills. This study aims to examine the public’s opinion of reintroducing capital punishments. (Gannon.A.T, Wood.J, 2013, P.33) state that the motivation behind why public opinion is important because inShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Was Abolished By Harold Wilson1184 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Punishment was abolished â€Å"under Harold Wilson’s Labour government in 1969† (Manton.K, 2011, P.16) in the United Kingdom, but there have been continuing debates concerning the reinstatement of the death penalty in the UK.(BBC NEWS, 2011) reports that the Conservative party MP calls for submission on capital punishment in the UK. The Brigg and Goole MP â€Å"is one of a number of Tory backbenchers calling for a commons debate of the return of capital punishment.†(BBC NEWS, 5th August 2011) Currently

Lord Of The Flies Compare And Contrast Essay - 1925 Words

Comparison In Lord of the Flies, Golding examines human descent into savagery once isolated from society. Conversely, the epilogue discusses different characters’ reactions after returning to civilization. Over the course of the novel, the boys’ society and order ultimately crumble to the point of total anarchy. When the boys first crash on the island, there is a democratic election to determine who will be chief (Golding, 23). To spare Jack further humiliation from not being elected chief, Ralph asks, â€Å" ‘Jack’s in charge of the choir. They can be—what do you want them to be?’ † and Jack responds â€Å" ‘Hunters’ † (23). At this point, the boys recognized the need for an organized government. Events such as the fire raging out of†¦show more content†¦Jack lands in between Ralph and Roger on the moral spectrum. Due to their different personalities and experiences, the boys have distinctly unique reactions to returning to civilized life in Britain. Epilogue: A Return to the Normal Ralph Simon was right, thought Ralph, they got back all right. Or at least Ralph had. His mind drifted to thoughts of Piggy and Simon. They were the best of them. If anyone, they should have survived. However, Ralph wondered if surviving was really a reward. Most days, Ralph tried to forget what had happened. However, he could not escape his memories today. Ralph’s mother’s voice floated into his room. â€Å"Ralph, lunch is ready. Are you hungry?† she called. No, Ralph was not hungry. After weeks and weeks of surviving on such a meager diet of fruit and the occasional bite of pig, his stomach still hadn’t recovered. Ralph shuddered at the thought of eating pig. A week or so ago, his mother made him eggs and bacon for breakfast. Upon seeing the bacon, Ralph was violently ill with thoughts of Jack and his hunters. Ralph looked up at the sky blue walls of his bedroom from his spot on the floor. He had fashioned himself a nest consisting of blankets and clothing after several sleepless nights in his bed. It was the only way he had been able to fall into a fitful sleep, but only to dream of the beast. Simon had also been right about that, too.Show MoreRelatedLord of the Flies: Compare and Contrast Ralph and Jack Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies has many meanings to it that are represented through the characters and their feelings. When comparing the characters in the Lord of The Flies, you can see the obvious change in most of them from the beginning of the book to the end. The two main characters are Ralph, the protagonist and Jack, the antagonist. Ralph and Jack both have different qualities and beliefs that define each of them completely and at times make them both alike in many ways. They both represent what we areRead More Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Golding s Lord of the Flies1186 Words   |  5 PagesThe Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚   Evil is not an external force controlled by the devil, but rather the potential for evil resides within each person. Man has the potential to exhibit great kindness or to rape and pillage. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding deals with this evil that exists in the heart of man. With his mastery of such literary tool as structure, syntax, diction, point of view and presentation of character, GoldingRead More Conflict Between Barbarism and Reason in Lord of the Flies Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesConflict Between Barbarism and Reason in Lord of the Flies      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Goldings Lord of the Flies is a carefully constructed fable that was, in Goldings words, an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature. (Grigson 189). The novel shows a group of English boys reverting to savagery on a Pacific island. The book deals with the conflict between humanitys inner barbarism on one side, and the civilizing influence of reason on the other.    EachRead MoreThe realm of arts in itself can be perceived as a paradoxical and subjective one, causing struggle1400 Words   |  6 Pages– 333). Yet in the eyes of an artist, Picasso states that the purpose of art is â€Å"a lie that brings closer the truth†. To evaluate this claim, further exploration of what a ‘lie’ or ‘truth’ implies within and beyond the arts realm is required. The essay will specifically and mainly examine literature as an art form, with references to the Natural Sciences and History. The first knowledge issue concerns with the validity of art as a form of lying. 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History of Public Relations free essay sample

The concept or idea of specifically defining the term public relations (PR) can be a seemingly impossible task that is by no mean concise. Public Relations mean many different things to different people. Public Relations or PR, in short, is quite subjective depending on what your intent or overall goal is for communicating or promoting certain information to groups of people. Viewed as a professional endeavor, public relations are most often defined as the management function that seeks to establish and maintain mutually beneficial relationships between an organization, commercial or non-commercial, and the audiences or publics on which the success of these entities depends. It is defined as the controlling factor that searches to form and maintain relationships between organizations, profit or non-profit and the public that are beneficial for both parties (Don Bates). The practice of PR is dedicated to complete honesty and openness in its communications and operations. The field of PR is a very essential aspect with having a perfect image. PR professionals work diligently at creating good and reliable relations between a firm and many different individuals it represents. It deals with a variety of strategies and methods. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some hire public relations officers. -Daniel J. Boorstin Public relations blossomed as a professional endeavor in the 20th Century, most conspicuously in the United States, but its roots, both philosophical and pragmatic, can be traced throughout civilization. 2. 0 History of Public Relations Public relations are both old and young. It is ancient in its foundations, rooted in the earliest interactions of people in societies long gone. It is contemporary in its expression as one of societys emerging professions. Throughout history, public relations has been part of societies separated by miles and centuries and has been practiced within many different cultural and social contexts. Professional public relations have always gone hand in hand with civilization. In their eyes, much of recorded history can be interpreted as the practice of public relations. Whereas primitive societies ruled mainly through fear and intimidation, more advanced cultures depended on discussion and debate. With the invention of writing, public relations in the formal sense took shape. Whether they were promoting their image as warriors or kings, leaders of ancient civilizations such as Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Persia used poems and other writings to promote their prowess in battle and politics. 2. 0. 1 Egypt In Egypt much of the art and architecture (statues, temples, and tombs) was used to impress on the public the greatness of priests, nobles, and scribes. Ptah-hotep, the advisor to one of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, wrote about 2,200 BCE of the need for communicating truthfully, addressing audience interests, and acting in a manner consistent with what is being said. Also, archeologists have found ancient bulletins and brochures in ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) dating to about 1,800 BCE. These publications on stone tablets told farmers how to sow crops, irrigate their fields, and increase their harvests. These were important goals for monarchs who wanted their followers to be well fed and prosperous, two requirements for a stable empire. 2. 0. 2 Greece In the 3rd Century BCE, the philosopher  Socrates of Athens  taught that, rather than the relativism of the Sophists, effective communication should be based on truth. His student,  Plato, carried on Socrates work. But it was Platos student,  Aristotle of Athens, who has contributed most to contemporary communication thought. Aristotle analyzed persuasive communication and taught others how to be effective speakers, specifically by developing compelling and ethical arguments to offer verbal proofs. Aristotles book  Rhetoric  remains influential to this day. In the civil realm,  Philip of Macedonia  had conquered the whole of Greece. His son  Alexander the Great  was a student of Aristotle. Philip extended his rule throughout Northern Africa, Asia Minor and India. Both rulers had gold and ivory statues of themselves placed in towns and temples throughout the conquered lands as constant reminders of their presence – a common technique associated with public relations, still practiced in examples such as commemorative stamps, monuments, stadiums, named buildings, and so on. 2. 0. 3 Italy In Rome,  Marcus Tullius Cicero  developed the earlier Greek rhetorical method for presenting persuasive arguments in public and is considered one of Classical Rome’s greatest orators. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus  from Spain operated a school of rhetoric in Rome, teaching about the ethical content of persuasion and writing a book on rhetoric. The Roman general  Julius Caesar, in the mid-First Century BCE, sent public reports back to Rome about his military and political victories in Gaul. Later, as ruler of Roman republic, he ordered the posting of  Acta Diurna, regarded as the first public newsletter, to keep the citizenry informed, which continued for 400 years. Most historians agree that he also wrote his Commentaries as propaganda for himself; recognizing the power of news to mold public opinion. After a lengthy civil war that destroyed the 500-year-old Roman republic,  Augustus  became the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE. Augustus courted public opinion, realizing that he needed the support of the people in order to reign successfully. One of his tactics was to commission the poet  Virgil  (right) to write  The Aeneid, an epic poem that identifies Rome as the fulfillment of a divine plan and which depicts Augustus as being ordained by the gods to save and rebuild Rome after the collapse of the republic. Hence, through all these centuries we can witness the use of public relations, without much consciousness of people who used it as a practice, but as mere interest to share to the public or to build an image; to show their power. 2. 0 PR and Religion Much of the pre-history of public relations is linked with the growth and maintenance of religion, one of the most basic and cohesive aspects of society throughout the ages. When Christianity emerged at the height of Roman influence, the teachings of Jesus and his apostles took center stage in the battle for religious dominance in the public mind. Once the Christian church took shape, it relied on eloquent speeches and letters, such as Paul’s epistle to the Romans, to win converts and guide the faithful. The Roman Emperor Nero used the strategy of orchestrating events when he blamed the burning of Rome on the Christians, already the social scapegoats. It is an example of framing – telling your side of the story first so that any other versions are received as being different from what people already have heard. The early Christian Church preserved and enhanced the concepts of rhetoric. In Roman Africa, the 5th Century philosopher-bishop Augustine of Hippo developed the art of preaching, insisting that truth is the ultimate goal of such public speaking. Later in Northern Europe, the 8th Century Saxon, theologian Alcuin reinterpreted Roman rhetorical teachings for the Emperor Charlemagne and the medieval court. The use of public relations strategies and tactics was not limited to the Christian church. The word â€Å"propaganda† originated in the Catholic Church. In the seventeenth century, it set up its Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, the â€Å"congregation for propagating the faith. In doing so, it explicitly acknowledged the need for a third party to facilitate communication between government and the people. Along with the spread of new knowledge in new forms—such as translations in the fifteenth century of the Bible from Latin into everyday languages, mass printed books, and newspapers—there was an explosion of public communications. In 6th Century Northern Africa, the prophet Mohammad sometimes retired to an out-of-the-way place to ponder problems facing his people, eventually to emerge with writings that he identified as the word of Allah. These writings, eventually assembled as the Qur’an, thus received a credibility that led to easy acceptance by his followers. This is how PR was influenced, even established by Religion. 2. 1 PR and Politics Aristotle once said ‘Man is by nature a political animal’. The term ‘Propaganda’ that the Catholic Church put in practice was an honorable one. It did not take on negative connotations until three hundred years later, when the Nazis used it with a monumental disregard for honesty and ethics and later when it became associated with the 20th Century Cold War between communist and democratic nations. When the French Revolution arrived, the stage was set. In their Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens (1789), the leaders of the French Revolution proclaimed the right of citizens to express and communicate thought freely. In 1792 the National Assembly of France created the first propaganda ministry. It was part of the Ministry of the Interior and it was called the Bureau d’Esprit, or â€Å"Bureau of the Spirit. † It subsidized editors and sent agents to various parts of the country to win public support for the French Revolution. England’s rebellious American colonies produced a host of public relations experts who used oratory, newspapers, meetings, committees, pamphlets, and correspondence to win people to their cause. Included among them were Paul Revere, Benjamin Franklin, John Peter Zenger, Samuel Adams, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Adams has been called the great press agent of the American Revolution for fashioning the machinery of political change. Benjamin Franklin made it a rule to forbear all contradiction to others, and all positive assertions of his own. He would say, I conceive† or I apprehend or I imagine† a thing to be so, or it appears to be so. Franklin pioneered the rules for personal relations in an era before mass media had made possible a profession called â€Å"public relations. † William Seward, Lincolns secretary of state in 1861, gained a large American audience through his understanding of how to use the press. He told his friend Jefferson: I speak to the newspapers – they have a large audience and can repeat a thousand times what I want to impress on the public. † 3. Early development of PR as a practice Today, public relations are usually seen as being in the third phase or era of its professional development. And, while many practitioners still act with the mindset and values of the two earlier eras, the most successful practitioners now seem to use the less-self-serving approaches. Even the writers who bluntly assert that public relations is as old as civilization and implicit in all human interactions will admit theres a tremendous difference between the concept of public relations and the profession of ublic relations or, phrased another way, theres a big difference between practicing common sense public relations and developing a professional public relations practice. And, no one disputes that public relations has changed dramatically since it emerged as a distinct discipline and viable career path in the second half of the 19th century. Its grown tremendously in size, scope, and significance. This growth has been particularly dramatic in the last few decades, and its been accompanied by a growing recognition of public relations expanding role and influence in organizational life of all sorts. In many corporations, government agencies, and non-profit organizations the public relations function has been elevated from its traditional role as a support service and made it an integral part of upper management decision-making. James Dowling, then-president of Burson-Marsteller, one of the largest world-wide PR firms, described the changes that have occurred in public relations in the following way during an interview by a The New York Times reporter in the mid-1980s. In the 1950s organizations asked their public relations consulting firms, How should we say this? In the socially turbulent 1960s and 1970s, faced with various confrontations, these same organizations asked their public relations people, What should we say? Today they ask, What should we do? The first World Assembly of PR Associations held in Mexico City in August 1978, defined the practice of PR as â€Å"the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counseling organizational lea ders and implementing planned programs of action which will serve both the organization and the public interest. † Public Relation has been an evolving process amalgamating various persuasive and communication techniques. As we read in 2. 0 History of PR, it was used to promote wars, to lobby political parties, to support political parties, to promote religion, to sell products, to raise money and to publicize events and people. The PR effort during the WW II was much more sophisticated, coordinated and integrated. PR counseling came into prominence in the postwar period. With the post–World War II economic boom, which turned the United States into the wealthiest country on earth, public relations prospered as never before. New and old institutions of business, government, and not-for-profit enterprise had seen hat public relations had done for the war effort, and they wanted to tap its evolving power for purposes of publicizing their products and services for the burgeoning consumer markets, both at home and abroad. In the 1930s and 1940s, several organizations were founded to represent the interests of public relations practitioners, culminating in 1948 in the formation of the Public Relation s Society of America (PRSA). Today, the PRSA remains the world’s largest public relations membership association with more than 20,000 members, primarily in the United States. In Europe, too, professional public relations mushroomed after World War II as diplomacy and mass communications became central to the stability and reconstruction of scores of countries. In the post-war era, the great powers also embarked on the ideologically charged Cold War, propagandizing their views through a host of intermediaries and enlisting the media, domestically and globally, to further their aims. The struggle between the U. S. and Russia dominated the headlines for nearly 50 years. 4. 1 Public Relation Today The knowledge that may be required in the professional practice of public relations include communication arts, psychology, social psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and the principles of management and ethics. Technical knowledge and skills are required for opinion research, public-issues analysis, media relations, direct mail, institutional advertising, publications, film/video productions, special events, speeches, and presentations. And this has not changed, PR crosses many disciplines. The technical knowledge of is sadly inadequate because it was written 25 years ago and the world has changed since then. The PR practitioner today needs technical skills that are vastly different than they were in 1982. The sad fact is that working practitioners are largely behind in learning these skills. They do not have the attitude of lifelong learning, or they don’t have access to it. This, however, is not new. It is an issue a number of practitioners have worked on for more than 25 years in the business, largely without success. We learnt that PR evolved along with civilization, up to this point, many civilizations have already been established. And today, effective PR must work hand in hand with technology. Through news papers, to radio, television and now the net, PR practitioners must be able to use all means; advance tech to communicate and do their jobs efficiently. For example, nowadays there are communique via Facebook post and twitter from the PRO of big company. PR is an on growing practice, and neither in 10 years nor in 100 years that it will disappear. Below is a table showing the Factors influencing the development of Public Relations. 4. 0 Pioneers of PR As student of PR, we learnt that the profession had a history, a heritage. And that it has been shaped by men and women whose actions and ideas have made the difference. Below are important figures that contributed in the field of Public Relations; * SAMUEL ADAMS (right) orchestrated public relations for the Revolutionary War. He organized the Sons of Liberty, developed the symbol of the liberty tree, staged the Boston Tea Party, named the Boston Massacre, and developed a propaganda campaign that lasted for more than 20 years, until the successful conclusion of American independence from Britain. * JOSEPH VARNEY BAKER left his job as city editor with the Philadelphia Tribune in 1934 to become public relations consultant with the Pennsylvania Railroad. He later opened his own agency in New York City, the first African American to gain national prominence as a public relations practitioner. Varney also was the first African American to become president of a chapter of the Public Relations Society of America and the first to become accredited by PRSA. * EDWARD BERNAYS was a press agent and public relations consultant to many clients, including Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge, the American Tobacco Company, General Electric, Alcoa, the American Dental Association, Dodge Motors, the NAACP, and many others. In 1923 wrote Crystallizing Public Relations, â€Å"which provided principles and practices for an emerging profession. † At New York University, he taught the first college course in public relations. A nephew of Sigmund Freud, Bernays developed public relations as an applied social science. He applied psychology in public persuasion campaigns. He developed the concept of public relations as â€Å"the engineering of consent† which he called â€Å"the very essence of the democratic process, the freedom to persuade or suggest. † Along with Ivy Lee, Bernays is considered one of the founding fathers of the public relations profession. He died in 1995 at the age of 103. Life magazine named him one of the 100 most influential Americans of the 20th century. His wife, DORIS FLEISCHMAN, was a public relations pioneer in her own right. She counseled clients in the arts, business, government, and education. Fleischman advocated for issues such as women’s pay and the advancement of women in media careers. In 1925, she became the first married American woman to be issued a U. S. passport in her maiden name. * DENORA ‘DENNY’ GRISWOLD founded Public Relations News, the first newsletter about public relations. She also operated her own public relations agency with her husband, GLENN GRISWOLD. * PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN was a master at strategic communication. He wisely communicated with Congress and with the people. His Civil War adversary, meanwhile – JEFFERSON DAVIS, president of the Confederate States – kept most matters secret, failed to take the public into his confidence, and made decisions behind closed doors. Since much of the war focused on public opinion, it is little wonder that Lincoln was more successful than Davis in marshalling public opinion, demonstrating the value of an informed and energized citizenry. IVY LEDBETTER LEE was a journalist and a publicist before he distinguished himself as the first public relations counselor. Along with Edward Bernays, Lee is recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern public relations for leading the transition from press agency to the public information model. The emergence of contemporary public relations dates fr om 1906, when Lee was hired by the anthracite coal industry to advise it toward settling a strike. He later counseled railroads and governments. His most famous client was John D. Rockefeller. Lee is known for his 1906 Declaration of Principles which called for honesty with the press and public. Lee died in 1934 in disgrace, having been investigated by Congress because his last client was the Nazi-operated German Dye Trust. 5. 0 Conclusion As man began to know about communication, public relations became a necessity to keep up the process of communication, especially communicating with the mass. We always hear that PR is older than we think and that it is not as new as it is often supposed to be. And PR today is definitely a 20th century phenomenon. The goals, techniques, tools, ethical standards changed with time, PR is now being inked and established slowly in most company. It is being considered the best way to make an organization identity and image throughout the years. An effective PR means an effective promotion, which result to a successful organization or person. If I was down to my last dollar, I’d spend it on public relations. -Bill Gates 6. 0 References * eHow. com * Wikipedia. com * Don Bates’ sayings * Own notes * Course Books * Google Image * Google-Pioneers in Public Relations

What Is Your Opinion On Modern Music free essay sample

If so then what really is real music? Or as I believe, all music, ( Rap, Screams, Country, RB, Hip Hop, etc) is real. It has an instrumental background, (with actual instruments or synthesizers), a singer(s) (Raw talent or the help from a studio) and pure entertainment and joy from listening to it. Thats what believe, music is. So feel free to voice your ideas on this question. I would love to hear how you view modern music. Dont like much modern music apart from Rock and Indies and metal etc. ..Personally, Dont have much respect for singers who just get up on stage and sing/lip sync songs that other people composed and write for them. Onto call that talent, its just karaoke. Talent is being able to write your own songs, play your own instruments and actually sing live. And making it big your own way, not by going on some crappy TV talent show. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Your Opinion On Modern Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the lyrics in songs today are pretty bad, 7 year olds look up to these people and go round singing these lyrics, its pretty bad. . All the best music was written 20 years+ in my opinion and Im only 16.Modern Music In an age of error the most influential thing in a child and or a teenagers life is music. Whether it be Reggae, Hip Hop, Gangster Rap, R, Oldies Rock, Latin, r Heavy Metal it still has a way to overpower a persons mind no matter how old they are. Right now pretty much everybody that I talk to when I am on the Internet like Rap. I dont understand how people could listen to non-stop cursing and fast-paced lyrics. Even though my opinion of the music isnt so great the singers have to get some credit for being able to recite poetry in such a manner. Refer the heavier stuff like Slipknot, Corn, or Kitties because I enjoy talented people who play their own instruments, and personally like very loud music. Reggae is well known because Of one group and that group is Bob Marled and The Wailers. I happen to like them because they pretty much set the standards for a band that are known to people as Sublime. They are sort of a rock n roll/reggae band with hit songs like What I Got and Sanitaria. My friends and I sometimes refer to Bob Marled as the God of music.Another popular style of music is the Pop music category. I think it features a bunch of no talent boy groups like Ann. s* and the Backstreet Boys. It is artists like this who are ruining our countries youth. These bands are corrupting the minds of our teen and pre-teen girls, and I dont believe its eight that they are doing this because very rarely do girls like the same music as my friends and l. F-anally we get to the music that gets more interesting the heavy metal/rock music. I happen to like this style of music the best because the music means something. Onto think that it is right for the tabloids to go out every time something happens with shootings at schools and blame it on the rock music. Rap is the music that gives the message of killing and shooting people. Dont think it IS right that they can go blame artists like Marilyn Manson and Oozy Osborne or children with weak minds when it comes to music that deals with death. Finally, my last point is that the tabloids judge a musician by the way that they look and from what they heard about them. They dont look or listen to the lyrics to the songs they judge by their image and that is the wrong way to look at it.The newspapers add to the affect by talking about how heavy metal music and Goth music are bad for the childs mind. School Shootings are always caused by troubled teens who listen to heavy metal music, they say. The only reason they do the shootings is not because they listen to a certain mind of music; it is because they have weak minds that cant handle the lyrics of the band. The tabloids not only blame the music but they also blame the movies. It isnt right that they jump to conclusions that it is all the horror movies and the musics fault.There are bands that write lyrics about things that they have experienced in their lives. The music I just happen to listen to is heavy metal and Goth metal. The bands in Goth metal have names such as Cannibal Corpse, Cradle of Filth, Six Feet under, and Type O Negative. They are known for having songs that deal with death and other dark things. Six Feet Under is another band who Im not too familiar with so I really cant talk about how they can influence children. All I know is that their most recent album features a guy on the cover receiving a lobotomy by machines. Cradle of Filth is a band that combines witchcraft with music to make really sick and twisted lyrics. They are a band that listen to because like the way the singer alters his voice to sound all weird like a witch. The people of the United States do not approve of their music or concerts so the band is now banned from all 50 states. The decisions that these people cake amaze me because the more they disapprove of the bands the more people listen to them. Ever since the Columbine school shooting music sales for Goth music and other paraphernalia has gone up.The U. S. Did the same thing with Elvis, and look what happened he became even more popular because he was considered to be evil. They make such stupid decisions because it always blows up in their face. Think that they should use reverse psychology on the people and say to go out and buy the stuff and see what happens. The tabloids are always doing things to put down heavy metal music down. I think that they should blame some of it on rap. Rap talks about killing people in the other gangs, and it is always so vulgar with its sexual terms and language.It is the worst form of music because the different terms they use for killing someone is outrageous. Half of the songs that I heard were about busting a cap in someone, or sinking their dogs on a person. The tabloids say that Rorschach metal is too violent for kids to listen to. I dont see what the big deal is that people listen to heavy metal music. I think that the people who listen to, and take the lyrics seriously have a weak mind. Those are the kind of people who pull all of the school shootings, the people who cant take listen to the song and say hey its only a song, I shouldnt take the words seriously.The people who are doing all of the shootings I think have a mental problem or have a hard problem telling whats right and whats wrong. The kids who orchestrated the shooting at Columbine high school had weak minds, and I bet that their life at home was very bad for them. I think that when they did what they did, they had no clue what they were doing. All they new was that the music told them to go out and kill someone. It wasnt their entire fault that they did that horrifying thing, it was also their parents fault.I say this because I highly doubt that the parents of those kids expressed their love for them very often. The tabloids make everything seem worse than it really is, or they never really uncover the real facts. They are always working off of other peoples opinions about the situations. L will leave you with this quote, l think the music works around the people, not the world works around the music. Such a manner. Prefer the heavier stuff like Slipknot, Corn, or Kitties because enjoy talented people who play their own instruments, and personally I like very loud music.Reggae is well known because of one group and that group is Bob Marled and The Wailers. I happen to like them because they pretty much set the standards for a band that are known to people as Sublime. They are sort of a rock n roll/reggae band with hit songs like What Got and Sanitaria. My friends and I sometimes refer to Bob Marled as the God of music. Another popular style of music is the Pop music category. I think it features a bunch of no talent boy groups like NCSC* and the Backstreet Boys. It is artists like this who are ruining our countries youth. What Is Your Opinion On Modern Music free essay sample I wont Judge you on your opinion, If you dont Judge mine. I was Just curious to see some of the responses from this question. I feel that when some people use the term that music now a days isnt real or takes no talent doesnt have a factual argument behind it. Im sure that in previous generations, the music the listened to was also called not real by others older than them, but now thats what is referred to as real music. Does this mean that generations from now the music of the asss will be classified as real music?If so then what really is real music? Or as I believe, all music, ( Rap, Screams, Country, R, HIP Hop, etc) Is real. It has an Instrumental background, (with actual Instruments or synthesizers), a singer(s) (Raw talent or the help from a studio) and pure entertainment and joy from listening to it. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Your Opinion On Modern Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thats what I believe, music is. So feel free to voice your ideas on this question. I would love to hear how you view modern music. I dont Like much modern music apart from Rock and Indies and metal etc Reasonably, I dont have much respect for singers who just get up on stage and sing/lip sync songs that other people composed and write for them. I dont call that talent, its Just karaoke. Talent is being able to write your own songs, play your own instruments and actually sing live. And making it big your own way, not by going on some crappy TV talent show. Some of the lyrics In songs today are pretty bad, 7 year olds look up to these people and go round singing these lyrics, Its pretty bad..All the best music was written 20 years* In my opinion and Im only 16 Modern Music In an age of error the most influential thing in a child and or a teenagers life is music. Whether it be Reggae, Hip Hop, Gangster Rap, R, Oldies Rock, Latin, or Heavy Metal t still has a way to overpower a persons mind no matter how old they are. Right now pretty much everybody that I talk to when I am on the Internet Like Rap. I dont understand how people could listen to non-stop cursing and fast-paced lyrics. Even though my opinion of the music isnt so great the singers have to get some credit for being able to recite poetry in such a manner.I prefer the heavier stuff like Slipknot, Corn, or Kittle because I enjoy talented people who play their own Instruments, and personally I Like very loud music. Reggae Is well known because of one group and that group Is Bob Marled and The Wailers. I happen to like them because they pretty much set the standards for a band that are known to people as Sublime. They are sort of a rock n roll/reggae band with hit songs like What I Got and Sanitaria. My friends and I sometimes refer to Bob Marled as the God of music. Another popular style of music Is the Pop music category. I think It features a bunch are ruining our countries youth. These bands are corrupting the minds of our teen and pre-teen girls, and I dont believe its right that they are doing this because very rarely do girls like the same music as my friends and l. Finally we get to the music hat gets more interesting the heavy metal/rock music. I happen to like this style of music the best because the music means something. Dont think that it is right for the tabloids to go out every time something happens Ninth shootings at schools and blame it on the rock music.Rap is the music that gives the message of killing and shooting people. I dont think it is right that they can go blame artists like Marilyn Manson and Oozy Osborne for children with weak minds hen it comes to music that deals with death. Finally, my last point is that the tabloids Judge a musician by the way that they look and from what they heard about hem. They dont look or listen to the lyrics to the songs they Judge by their image and that is the wrong way to look at it. The newspapers add to the affect by talking about how heavy metal music and Goth music are bad for the childs mind. School Shootings are always caused by troubled teens who listen to heavy metal music, they say. Ere only reason they do the shootings is not because they listen to a certain kind of music; it is because they have weak minds that cant handle the lyrics of the band. Ere tabloids not only blame the music but they also blame the movies. It isnt right hat they Jump to conclusions that it is all the horror movies and the musics fault. There are bands that write lyrics about things that they have experienced in their lives.The music I Just happen to listen to is heavy metal and Goth metal. Ere bands in Goth metal have names such as Cannibal Corpse, Cradle of Filth, Six Feet Under, and Type O Negative. They are known for having songs that deal with death and other dark things. Six Feet Under is another band who Im not too familiar Ninth so I really cant talk about how they can influence children. All I know is that their cost recent album features a guy on the cover receiving a lobotomy by machines. Cradle of Filth is a band that combines witchcraft with music to make really sick and twisted lyrics. They are a band that I listen to because I like the way the singer alters his voice to sound all weird like a witch. Ere people of the United States do not approve of their music or concerts so the band is now banned from all 50 states. The decisions that these people make amaze me because the more they disapprove of the bands the more people listen to them. Ever since the Columbine school shooting music sales for Goth music and other rappelling has gone up. The U. S. Did the same thing with Elvis, and look what happened he became even more popular because he was considered to be evil. They make such stupid decisions because it always blows up in their face. Think that they should use reverse psychology on the people and say to go out and buy the stuff and see what happens. The tabloids are always doing things to put talks about killing people in the other gangs, and it is always so vulgar with its sexual terms and language. It is the worst form of music because the different terms they use for killing someone is outrageous. Half of the songs that I heard were about busting a cap in someone, or kicking their dogs on a person. He tabloids say that rock/heavy metal is too violent for kids to listen to. I dont see Nat the big deal is that people listen to heavy metal music. I think that the people ho listen to, and take the lyrics seriously have a weak mind. Those are the kind of people who pull all of the school shootings, the people who cant take listen to the song and say hey its only a song, I shouldnt take the words seriously. The people ho are doing all of the shootings I think have a mental problem or have a hard robber telling whats right and whats wrong. He kids who orchestrated the shooting at Columbine high school had weak minds, and I bet that their life at home was very bad for them. I think that when they did hat they did, they had no clue what they were doing. All they new was that the music told them to go out and kill someone. It wasnt their entire fault that they did that horrifying thing, it was also their parents fault. I say this because I highly doubt that the parents of those kids expressed their love for them very often. The tabloids aka everything seem worse than it really is, or they never really uncover the real facts.They are always working off of other peoples opinions about the situations. Nil leave you with this quote, l think the music works around the people, not the Nor works around the music. Neither it be Reggae, Hip Hop, Gangster Rap, RB, Oldies Rock, Latin, or Heavy Metal pretty much everybody that I talk to when I am on the Internet like Rap. I dont being able to recite poetry in such a manner. I prefer the heavier stuff like Slipknot, Corn, or Kitties because I enjoy talented people who play their own instruments, and Reasonably I like very loud music. Reggae is well known because of one group and that group is Bob Marled and The Wailers. I happen to like them because they pretty much set the standards for a band that are known to people as Sublime. They are sort off rock n roll/reggae band with hit songs like What I Got and Sanitaria. My friends and I sometimes refer to Bob Marled as the God of music. Another popular style of music is the Pop music category. I think it features a bunch of no talent boy groups like Ann.s* and the Backstreet Boys. It is artists like this who are ruining our countries youth.These bands are corrupting the minds of our teen and pre-teen girls, and I dont believe its right that they are doing this because very rarely do girls like the same music as my friends and l. Finally we get to the music that gets more interesting the heavy metal/rock music. I happen to like this style of music the best because the music means something. I dont think that it is right for the tabloids to rock music. Rap is the music that gives the message of killing and shooting people. I dont think it is right that they can go blame artists like Marilyn Manson and Oozy Osborne for children with weak minds when

Factors to the Rise of Slavery essays

Factors to the Rise of Slavery essays The growth of the black slave trade was due to the decline of indentured servants, the need for a disease resistant workforce, and a workforce that was easily manageable; a combination of economic, geographic, and social factors. The New World at the dawn of American slavery, was at a rapid expansion rate. After years of hardship and meager harvests, landowners were finally making profits from crops that took many years to achieve. As more farmland was being planted, the need for more help was increasingly important. At first, most farmers had turned to white indentured servants from Europe, but the number of indentured servants declined due to increasingly better conditions back in England. Indentured servants concluded that the quality of life was better back in England, than the Americas. Landowners had to look for a different workforce. Previously, black slaves had been used, but only in small numbers. Most black slaves were sent to the West Indies instead, then slave traders found a new market: the Americas. Due to the high price of slaves, normally, a landowner would buy a much cheaper indentured servant, but since they were in short supply, a slave was the better option. Slaves, although mo re expensive, were more cost efficient compared to an indentured servant. A slave could be kept for life instead of a few years, and the landowner was under no obligation to give a slave incentive like land. These slaves were essentially perfect for the Americas. Geographically, the changing climate conditions of the Americas played an important role to the growth of black slavery. In the south, conditions were hot and humid. Landowners needed people who could work in these harsh conditions. Slaves from West Africa were already acquainted to the humid tropical-like weather. Landowners also needed people who were more resistant to diseases like smallpox or malaria. Black slaves ...

A Passage to India

While the plight of the colonized is tragic, filled with degrading images of subjugated civilizations and noble people reduced to mere laborers, it is the colonizer, the British of India, and their rapid change from newly arrived colonist to rigid and unforgiving ruler that draws my interest. The characters constantly comment on these changes that occur to the British once they adjust to the imperialist lifestyle. In the second chapter of the novel Hamidullah, a Muslim character, remarks to his friends, â€Å"Yes, they have no choice here, that is my point. They come out intending to be gentlemen and are told it will not do. . . . I give any Englishman two years. . . . And I give any Englishwoman six months† (Forster 7). Miss Quested constantly worries about becoming this caricature of her former self and also recognizes the changes in her husband-to-be, Ronny, as he fits into the British ruling class lifestyle. Fielding looks at the uncaring people his compatriots have become and marvels as he befriends an Indian Muslim. Is it possible that colonialism has an effect on the colonizer as well as the colonized? Forster clearly demonstrates that colonialism is not only a tragedy for the colonized, but effects a change on the colonizer as well. But how and why does this change occur? Aime Cesaire proposed that it is simply the savage nature of colonization that changes man into their most primal state (20). This does not work because there is no blatant savagery as in Heart of Darkness. Forster doesn’t seem to be parading the cruelty of the colonizer. Thomas Gladwin and Ahmad Saidin suggest that the change is simply the myth of the white man as the British citizens assert their crowns of supposed natural, higher intelligence and worth (47). This does seem to be a good argument because of the superiority that the British colonists take upon themselves in the novel, sequestering themselves in the British club that no mere Indian can be a part of. However, it doesn’t account for the more inquisitive and benevolent natures of Adela and Mr. Fielding and their acts and opinions toward the Indian people. In his essay â€Å"Shooting and Elephant,† George Orwell states that: When the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the ‘natives,’ and so in every crisis he has got to do what the ‘natives’ expect of him. He wears a mask and his face grows to fit. (152) Orwell suggests that the change is merely the taking on of a role and that the colonizer is an actor required to play the part of the British ruler. It is expected by the native people, and also by their fellow colonists. This expectation is shown through the comment of Hamidallah and his insistence of the inevitable change. It is expected. It is the acceptance of this role is the change that affects the characters in A Passage to India, and if this is the accepted norm, then it goes to reason that those who do not accept it will find themselves outcasts of the society they reject. This is what I intend to show by comparing the plights of Forster’s characters Ronny, Adela, and Fielding, as I explore their differing approaches to this role and the effects that come of either accepting or rejecting it . The first groups of colonizers are those who accept the act of leadership whole-heartedly. They separate themselves from the population, declaring their own superiority over the masses as they build their walled compounds content to be out of sight and sound of any Indians, with the exception of their servants (of course) (Kurinan 44). They seek to make Britain in India, rather than accepting and glorifying the resident cultures. They remain strangers to it, practically living in a separate country they provided for themselves, yet ruling one that they remained aloof from (Eldridge 170). This is the Englishman or woman who feels that without British rule everything will fall to ruin and chaos, anarchy being the ruling class in their stead (Kurinan 33). This is also the class that Albert Memmi, author of The Colonizer and the Colonized (and a former colonized citizen himself), calls the â€Å"colonizer who accepts† (45). It is the colonizer who accepts his or her given role as ruler and god over the colonized people. Memmi supports Orwell’s idea of the role they play by stating that â€Å"the colonizer must assume the opaque rigidity and imperviousness of stone. In short, he must dehumanize himself as well (xxvii). † Those who accept the role of the British administrator lose a part of themselves in the process, becoming an actor instead of a man, doing what is expected, not what is right. Forster picks up on this idea as well. Ronny Healsop is the character that exemplifies the ruling class of the nineteenth century British colonizers. He fulfills the characteristics of the administrative class. He adopts the aloof and chilly manner that was characteristic, caring only about his superiority over the Indians and his evenings at the club with his own kind (Kurinan 43). He shows his callousness and robotic adherence to his role as magistrate in India in an argument with his mother. ‘We’re out here to do justice and keep the peace. Theme’s my sentiments. India isn’t a drawing room. ‘ ‘You’re sentiments are those of a god,’ she said quietly, but it was his manner rather than his sentiments that annoyed her. Trying to recover his temper, he said, ‘India likes gods. ‘And Englishmen like posing as gods. ‘ ‘There’s no point in all this. Here we are, and we’re going to stop, and the country’s got to put up with us, gods or no gods. . . .I am out here to work, mind, to hold this wretched country by force. I’m not a mission ary or a Labor Member or a vague sentimental sympathetic literary man. I’m just a servant of the Government. . . .We’re not pleasant in India, and we don’t intend to be pleasant. We’ve something more important to do’ (51-52). Ronny dehumanizes himself with his constant ravings about having more important things to do in India than being pleasant to the â€Å"natives. He puts himself up as a god, only there for justice and to hold the country together by force. He sheds any ideas of sentiment and in doing so shows how such ideas are looked upon with derision by the ruling class of the colony. Adela, Ronny’s intended fiancee, recognizes this loss of humanity in him from his arguments. She thinks about his manner and it upsets her that â€Å"he did rub it in that he was not in India to behave pleasantly, and derived positive satisfaction there from! . . . The traces of young-man humanitarianism sloughed† (52). What she doesn’t realize is that Ronny is merely accepting his role as Orwell’s â€Å"conventionalized figure of a sahib† and Memmi’s typical colonizer: harsh and cold with no time or inclination toward sentiment. Adela Quested is troubled by this conventionalized role. She comes to India to see its wonders and to connect with its people. Her first moments of seeing Ronny are telling because they show her reluctance to take upon herself the role of the British administrative archetype. She marvels at how he has changed and how unsympathetic he is to those he rules over. This idea is something that haunts her as she continually struggles with the role she must take on if she marries Ronny and remains in India. She has a hard time reconciling the notion of the India she sees with that she must be apart of. â€Å"In front, like a shutter, fell a vision of her married life. She and Ronny would look into the club like this every evening, then drive home to dress; they would see the Lesleys and the Callenders and the Turtons and the Burtons, and invite them and be invited by them while the true India slid by unnoticed† (48). Adela does not wish to be a part of the society that Ronny is so fond of. She even goes so far as to ask an Indian about how she can avoid becoming as the other women, something that no other British woman would do. As she rejects her role as actress in the British imperial play, Adela becomes Memmi’s â€Å"colonizer who refuses† (19), becoming contemptible in the sight of the English society of India. Those who did not accept this role were viewed as the enemy in the imperial point of view. Memmi points out that those who enter the colonies must accept or go home. There is no middle ground. Those who show signs of humanitarian romanticism are viewed as the worst of all dangers and are on the side of the enemy (20). Adela’s thoughts are always viewed as naive and idealistic, but everyone has faith that she will fit in in time. The British laugh at her notions of wanting to see the real India that they try to shut out every day, but they figure that she will fall in line in the end. But what happens if she doesn’t? Adela’s refusal to pursue charges against Aziz when she realizes her folly in accusing him of attempted molestation leaves her ostracized. She rejects the role of imperialist colonizer and must live with the consequences. Those who were once her greatest supporters, fawning over her illness and pretending to be so caring and concerned, now become her most vehement enemies. Memmi observed that those colonizers who felt their ideas were betrayed became vicious (21). As Adela found out after her acquitting remarks on Aziza’s behalf, her friends turned against her, her superiors denounced her, and even Ronny left her. Adela realizes that if she doesn’t choose to wear the mask of imperialism that â€Å"one belongs nowhere and becomes a public nuisance without realizing it. . .I speak of India. I am not astray in † (291). One key element of her statement is that she is only a nuisance in India. Memmi asserts that those who are good cannot stay in the colony (21). The best of people must leave because they cannot accept the consequences of their remaining as a colonist. This idea also shows that these chan ges in character are only exhibited in India. The English in England share differing opinions and ideas. They are not caught in the play as the colonists are and so it shows that a definite change exists between leaving England and acclimatizing to India. Therefore, Adela, although cast out from the imperial administrative class of , may remain unchanged and return to . The last character is that of Fielding. Fielding takes on the role of the colonizer who refuses, but he takes a different path than Adela. Instead of leaving he turns to the colonized for support. Fielding always connects with the Indians. He has no qualms about speaking to them or visiting them in their homes, even visiting Aziz when he falls ill. He doesn’t frequent â€Å"the club,† because he doesn’t share all of the same opinions that the ruling English colonizers do. Fielding also realizes the truth that the real India lays not in the British imperial scope, but in the Indians themselves. When Adela is expressing her desires to see the real India, Ronny asks Fielding how one sees the â€Å"real India. † Fielding’s answer is â€Å"Try seeing Indians† (25). This question results in many of the people at the club talking about how they see too many Indians and too often. This comment about seeing the real India through its people, however, shows a definite sympathy with a conquered people, more than any of the other British people were willing to show at any point. Fielding takes his rejection of the imperialist nature so far as to support and defend the natives against his own people. When Aziz is accused of assault on Adela, Fielding is the first to come to his aid, forsaking his own people. He even defiles the sanctity of the club, choosing it to be his battle ground and denouncing his own people and the play that they have chosen to act in. He makes a very bold statement to the amazement of his fellow British subjects. He declares, â€Å"I believe Dr. Aziz to be innocent. . . . If he is guilty I resign from my service, and leave India. I resign from the club now† (210). He completely rejects his people in their chosen sanctuary, defiling their temple of Britishness and becoming their number one enemy. He is immediately denounced as he rejects this role of imperial aristocrat for benevolent humanitarian. He refuses the mask and doesn’t just walk away from it, as Adela must eventually do, but he stomps on it. He in no way forsakes his British heritage, but he realizes that friendship is possible with the Indians, and he is willing to fight for his cause. He becomes the moral hero to the Indians, a quality that Memmi says is important to his acceptance into their confidence. But, Memmi also states that Fielding cannot completely join them because above all he is still British and therefore holds the same ideas and prejudices that he grew up with (45). That is unavoidable because, after all, Fielding is still a British citizen, something that can’t be erased. In the end Fielding does turn back to his own people, marrying an English girl, but I think it is significant that he returns to England to find this girl, who is connected with Miss Quested and Mrs. Moore, the two idealistic characters in the novel. Fielding becomes more of a part of the imperial ociety with his marriage ties, but he remains free of the change that occurs in the colonies by making his match away from India. He stays free of the role of imperial actor and continues on with his notions of friendship and peace with the Indian people. I assert that Forster presented Fielding as an example of how to resist the imperial Indian machine and yet still maintain his British culture. Fie lding is the most sympathetic, not wavering on his regard for the people, only realizing the differences that may lie between their personalities and cultures. When he becomes the â€Å"colonizer that refuses,† Fielding shows that resistance of the changes that come upon the colonizer is possible and that the role of imperial actor may be refused. Imperialism was a British institution for a long time. It brought British people in contact with many cultures and peoples. It also helped them to affect a great amount of change on indigenous ways of life. The images and accounts of the brutality and callousness of the Imperial administrators are legendary and will always be the most examined part of its long stretch until its fall in the twentieth century. These effects on the native cultures are important, as are the accounts of their plights, however now we can see that Imperialism and colonization didn’t only affect the colonized, but that it had an effect on the colonizer as well. Aime Cesaire stated that â€Å"colonial activity, colonial enterprise, colonial conquest, which is based on contempt for the nature and justified by that contempt, inevitable tends to change him who undertakes it† (20). Living the life of imperialism has its stamp. It can’t help but have it. As George Orwell insinuated, it is a play, and the imperial citizens and administrators were actors, trying to play their parts as demi-gods with great confidence and authority (Kuinan 55). When any person did not live up to the art of performance, they either returned to England or joined in the plight of the native, being ostracized from their â€Å"people. † Forster presents a picture of this Imperial England. A Passage to India provides a perfect stage in which to watch the action play out among those who accept their role and those who rebel, whether knowingly or not. His portrayal of the characters Ronny, Adela, and Fielding show the three different types of colonizers that Memmi observed in his own life as a suppressed â€Å"native. † Each character portrays a different situation and mind set, demonstrating the different alternatives in the colonial/imperial life. Through these characters we truly see the effects that imperialism had on not only the colonized, but also the colonizer, showing that no one is immune .

Human Resource Management of Homecare Housing Essay

Human Resource Management of Homecare Housing - Essay Example The paper tells that Human Resource person is responsible to take care of the issues in order to offer major satisfaction to the workers. But at the same time small business establishments frequently don’t have the employees or the budget to appropriately handle the nitty-gritty elements of HR. Because of this, small business companies have increasingly outsourcing their HR requirements. But at the same time, HR, when relating to health care business, can be defined as the different types of medical and non-medical employees accountable for public and person health intervention. Here, Homecare Housing Association handles 20 units extend over south east England. This includes three ex-local authority old persons’ homes, 10 ex-local authority committee housing estates, and seven new purpose built particular requirements housing growths, mainly sheltered housing for the disabled. As a ‘Strategic Business Partner’ of the company it’s my duty to help the company to deal with the various issues faced by the company. One of the main issues faced by the company is that women handle only the certain positions, roles and particular department. So that it will affect the overall functioning of the Company. Over the last 12 years, the organization has developed from a small voluntary group running organization to two new housing developments employing approximately 600 people. Out of these, 60% of them are female and 40% are male. Majority of the workforce are women. So the women must ready to handle the duty of every department and ready to take care of all the activities. As a ‘Strategic Business Partner’, it my special duty to manage all these activities. The affiliation among health care and human resources is extremely complex, and it needs further examination and study. While examining health care schemes in a worldwide context, many universal human resources questions and issues occur. A number of the issues of greatest significance will be examined in detail further which consists of the composition, size and allocation of the health care employees, issues relating to workforce training, the immigration of health workforce, and the level of economic growth in a particular state and socio-demographic, environmental and cultural issues. The difference of size, allocation and composition inside state’s health care employees is of large concern. As I mentioned earlier, a Strategic business partner has certain duties and responsibilities to do. When studying in detail, I have talked and discussed with some employees and managers in the organization, when I have understood some issues being happened in Homecare Housing association. Some employees are not satisfied with current situations and some customers of this company are not satisfied with the service offered by the company. So it is my duty to study in detail about these problems and to solve these problems. For that, I would be discussing about the demands and problems of the work force in the company. In every organization the value for employee satisfaction should be high. Employees working in every organization should be treated in a descent manner; if the workforce is satisfied then only organizations can achieve their goals. So as a strategic business

Diplomatic Relations between Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diplomatic Relations between Countries - Essay Example For example, there is "rupture" which is often used to refer to a breach of diplomatic relations. However, it may also connote a lesser deterioration in relations between two states.1 Lesser deterioration is what may generally obtain in diplomatic relations and not complete breakdown which implies belligerent status such as war. Diplomatic relations are rather complex in that both relationship issues and substantive issues maybe involved. The first refers to the way countries deal with each other, whether logically or emotionally, clearly or ambiguously, honestly or deceptively.2 The second concern issues that are the subjects of discrete negotiations, for example, the terms of a treaty, the price of one product, the levels of armaments.3 Apparently, when relationship is not problematic, substantive issues are easier to deal with. History is replete with accounts of diplomatic relations gone sour and broken down, followed by corresponding actions taken. A complete breakdown is a serious matter, implying that the countries involved are not interested even in the future where they can be friends. 4 Nevertheless, there are ways of salvaging fledgling relationships, but they need to follow some basic principles. For this portion, this paper largely centers on discussions of Scott Brown,5 a founding member of the acclaimed Harvard Negotiation Project. Brown advises to be unconditionally constructive on relationship issues. He states that indeed, many diplomatic relations function poorly, and he explains why and how they can be improved. II. Diplomatic Relations Before any substantive issue is to be dealt with, relationship issues must be looked into. There are six categories of relationship issues according to Brown: 6 the balance of emotion with reason between the two countries; their level of common understanding; the extent and nature of communication between them; the degree of trust between the two; the level of coercion as a method of influence; and, the degree of acceptance of the legitimacy of the negotiating partner. Diplomatic relations may therefore be said to have strong correlations with understanding, communication, trust, influence, and acceptance of negotiator. If something is wrong with any of these, the diplomatic relation may not be exactly wholesome but tittering on the brink of rupture. A. Mediated relationships. Diplomatic relations may be understood as special relationships between countries where they ink agreements, whether economic, political, social, and the like. These relations are specially firmed up with treaties to keep peace and order in the region, and at times with the involvement of a bigger power. The Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 was signed into law for the purpose of establishing a new relationship with Taiwan after U.S. recognized the People's Republic of China.(PRC)7 One thing that plagues Taiwan seemingly forever is its determination to be the China, and the United States in this case acts as mediator. Since it is the PRC that the United States has recognized, it also has to chalk up a relationship with Taiwan. In Wen Jiabao's 8 speech hosted by nine American Organizations, he said that people sincerely hope to see a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question in the midst of Taiwan's separatist tendencies. Batting for the One China policy, and challenging America to understand it, Wen Jiabao

Somalia Culture Essay -- Essays Papers

Somalia Culture Somalia is a country situated in the ÒhornÓ of East Africa. It is bordered by the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean on the east and southeast, Kenya in the southwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Djibouti in the northwest. Somalia is about four times the size of the State of Minnesota, or slightly smaller than Texas. The capital is Mogadishu. Somalia's population is mostly rural. Nearly 80% of the people are pastoralists, agriculturalists, or agropastoralists. Except for a small number of Somalis who rely on fishing, the rest of the population are urban dwellers. Somalia's chief cities and towns are Mogadishu (the capital), Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera, Bossaso, Marka, Brava, Baidoa, and Kismaayo. In the past few years, civil war and famine have changed urban demographics as hundreds of thousands of displaced Somalis have poured into the cities seeking sanctuary and relief. Ethnically and culturally, Somalia is one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa. Somalia has its minorities: there are people of Bantu descent living in farming villages in the south, and Arab enclaves in the coastal cities. A small number of Europeans, mostly Italians, live on farms in the south. But the great majority of the people are ethnic Somalis who speak dialects of the same language, Somali, and who practice the same religion, Islam. In a land of sparse rainfall, more than half the population consists of pastoralists or agropastoralists who raise camels, cattle, sheep, and goats. There are farmers, mostly in the south and northwest, and in recent years a new urban group of government workers, shopkeepers, and traders has emerged, but it is the nomadic way of life, with its love of freedom and open spaces, that is c... ...e or the hand up to the wrist. Its application often signifies happy occasions, such as a marriage or the birth of a baby. Somalia's economic fortunes are being driven by its deep political divisions. The northern area has declared its independence.. During 1992-1993, Somalia experienced a great famine. This famine was the result of a drought coupled with the disastrous effect that infighting among rival clan militias had on the land and the livestock in Somalia. Somalis have always relied on their land and livestock to support themselves, and so this famine was devastating to them. Consequently, over 900,000 Somalis fled to neighboring countries. Approximately 400,000 of these refugees fled to Kenya. Since that time, some of the refugees have returned to Somalia, yet the situation there is still so tenuous that many have chosen to remain in the refugee camps.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis Essay

Qualitative data: – Collected sample was very murky – The first end point colour was of a yellow colour, perhaps not light enough – Addition of starch indicator produced a grey-black solution; perhaps did not add enough indicator, however this did not pose as a problem – There was one occasion where I suspected to have added too much sodium thiosulphate, however the second trial indicated that I did not go past the end point too much Calculations To calculate the dissolved oxygen content (mg/dm ³ or ppm), we must first determine the number of mols of thiosulphate from the mean titrated volume of both samples. In this case, we will use sample A. The Winkler method indicates that the relationship between the amount of oxygen and thiosulphate is a four to one ratio. Therefore, we will divide the number of mols of thiosulphate by four to get the number of mols of oxygen. Then we convert this to milligrams per dm ³ first by multiplying by 20 to arrive with the number of mols present in 1dm ³ (because the pond water sample used was 50cm ³). Then we multiply that number by 32 (molecular mass of oxygen) to attain the number of grams of oxygen. Then finally, the number is multiplied by 1000 to be converted into milligrams. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) would therefore be the difference between the DO of sample A and sample B.

International Business Toyota - 3708 Words

Company Overview Company Name Toyota Motor Corporation Head Office Toyota, Aichi, Japan Established 1933 by Kiichiro Toyoda Chairman Fujio Cho President Katsuaki Watanabe Revenue USD$173 Billion (2005) Total Number of Employees 285,977 (March 2006) Subsidiaries Toyota Financial Services, Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd., Hino Motors, Ltd., DENSO, Toyota Industries Industry Automobile manufacturing, Financial services, Biotechnology Products Toyota, Lexus and Scion Slogan Toyota Moving Forward (It’s time to Move Forward) Global position 8th largest organization 2nd largest in automobile industry Toyota Motor Corporation, a Japanese MNC, or widely known as Toyota markets vehicles to over 170†¦show more content†¦Fast forward into the new millennium, Toyota intends to meet its sales target by expanding overseas production rather than just raising exports in order to avoid protectionist measures. Japanese auto makers are rushing to expand production abroad in the midst of sluggish sales at home and on the back of profits they earn abroad, especially in their cash cow market US. Three of Japans five major auto makers posted record high overseas outputs in fiscal 2005, backed by continuing moves to relocate production overseas. They see as a new frontier that has still to be fully tapped, for the current fiscal year and beyond. (Asia Time, 2006) Toyota is pursuing a so-called †glocalisation† strategy of producing where its sells in order to rapidly accelerate its global sales growth (Global Insight, 2006). Roland Berger Strategy Consultants reports that North America and Western Europe will lose 11% to 20% of their global supplier production share by the end of 2010, as automotive supplier production in Asia and Eastern Europe will soar. Meanwhile, China will attract the bulk of automotive supplier investment as its share of Asias automotive supplier production increases by 165% by 2010. The automation industry within Korea and Japan will remain stagnant as their suppliers focus on overseas expansion (Auto Suppliers Under Pressure to Expand Globally 2006). 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